CBD’s versatility lies in its ability to interact with multiple receptors, enzymes and ion channels simultaneously. Allosteric binding receptors may produce anti-painful or antagonizing effects while altering downstream signaling pathways.
CBD alters the pharmacokinetics of opioids by inhibiting CYP1A2, specifically GPR3 activation which mediates pain sensitization while attenuating opioid-induced neuropathies through blocking of NMDA receptors (Yamaori et al. 2019).
1. Anti-Inflammatory
CBD works to block cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, the primary regulators of drug metabolism. By doing so, CBD decreases CYP enzyme production of cholesterol, steroids and prostaglandins – ultimately leading to decreased inflammation biomarkers and lessened biomarker expression.
CBD activates A2A adenosine receptors and reduces TNF-a levels in microglial cells (Yndart Arias et al 2023). Furthermore, CBD suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation (Suryavanshi et al 2022) as well as inhibiting IL-1b release by decreasing calcium efflux.
2. Anti-Psychotic
CBD inhibits CYP 450 enzymes that break down pharmaceuticals (Smith and Gruber 2023). Thus, CBD may alter the effectiveness of standard medications such as acetaminophen, codeine, morphine, dilaudid, methadone clonazepam valproate or phenytoin.
CBD helps people manage anxiety and stress through multiple mechanisms. CBD activates ion channels which maintain neuronal membrane potential while simultaneously antagonizing various receptor pathways with downstream effects.
3. Anti-Emetic
CBD enhances insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism while simultaneously increasing lipolysis, fatty acid uptake and triaglycerol storage.
CBD reduces proinflammatory cytokines (Yndart Arias et al. 2023). Furthermore, CBD inhibits pyroptosis while increasing activity of ternary complex factor and serum response factor (Vickers et al. 2004).
Be sure to look for independent laboratory testing as evidenced by a certificate of analysis before taking a CBD product, so as to ensure you receive the appropriate dosage without unsavory surprises. This will also reduce any unpleasant odors.
4. Anti-Infective
Studies demonstrate that CBD can effectively kill bacteria, including those resistant to antibiotics. Furthermore, CBD disrupts biofilm formation and decreases metabolic activity of bacteria within biofilms at sub-MIC concentrations.
CBD shows impressive effectiveness against Gram-negative bacteria, including those responsible for serious infections like Neisseria gonorrhoeae (MIC 1 mg/mL-1), Neisseria meningitides, Moraxella catarrhalis and Legionella pneumophila – not to mention several MRSA strains.
5. Anti-Cancer
CBD displays potency against cancer through multiple mechanisms. Studies have demonstrated its effect on tumour growth, angiogenesis and cell proliferation while simultaneously encouraging autophagy and apoptosis of various cancer cells.
CBD interacts with various receptors, enzymes, and ion channels. Studies have demonstrated its allosteric modulatory role on CYP enzymes which regulate drug metabolism (Smith and Gruber 2023). Furthermore, CBD can influence both PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways which are major signals in tumour progression.
6. Anti-Anxiety
CBD acts by antagonizing G-protein-coupled receptors and ion channels such as sodium and potassium channels that maintain neuronal membrane potential, thus inhibiting neurotransmitter release while simultaneously decreasing action potential propagation rate and neurite outgrowth (Rock et al. 2012).
CBD competitively inhibits CYP 3A4, an enzyme involved in drug metabolism that breaks down small foreign organic molecules called xenobiotics found in many prescription medications such as ibuprofen and aspirin.
7. Anti-Depressant
CBD enhances the effects of antidepressant medication by increasing serotonin levels and engaging with receptors on our brains, as well as by alleviating withdrawal symptoms for those unable to find relief with antidepressants alone.
Animal models of PTSD demonstrated that CBD significantly reduced fear conditioning and anxiety-like behaviors, as well as long-term changes to the HPA axis, ECS, and 5-HT1A serotonin system induced by restraint stress.
8. Sleep Aid
CBD has gained recognition as an alternative remedy for sleeping disorders. Numerous clinical studies and trials are exploring its efficacy as a sleep aid agent.
At first, higher scores for behavior following wakefulness and objective SE were seen among participants in the CBD group compared with placebo; these results remained similar by trial end and did not compromise well-being outcomes across all study period.
9. Pain Reliever
CBD is an extremely potent pain reliever, acting on multiple receptors and ion channels involved in pain sensation. CBD activates TRP channels while antagonizing TRPM8, decreasing thermal sensitivity as well as pain transmission between neurons.
CBD may help to decrease inflammation by suppressing pro-inflammatory mediators like TNF-a, NF-kB and TLR4.
Systemic CBD injection significantly reduced mechanical allodynia and anxiety-like behavior in an animal model of spared nerve injury neuropathic pain, as well as improving morphine-induced antinociception.
10. Anti-Infective
CBD has been shown to kill bacteria at concentrations far lower than its minimum inhibitory concentration and to break up bacterial biofilms. CBD binds directly to dsDNA within bacteria cells, leading them to lose membrane integrity and be lysed by its action.
CBD inhibits CYP2D6, an enzyme responsible for breaking down pharmaceutical medications such as antidepressants, neuroleptics, antiarrhythmics, lipophilic beta adrenoceptor blockers and opioids.
CBD shows great promise against four Gram-negative bacteria including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitides, Moraxella catarrhalis and Legionella pneumophila, four serious pathogens.
